Catacombs of Kom el-Shoqafa

Roman tombs with wine imagery. This underground necropolis blends Egyptian, Greek, and Roman styles in bizarre harmony. Serpents wear Roman armor; Anubis wears a Roman toga. Wine vessels and drinking scenes decorate walls.

What to do there

5 things to do

1. 1 Descend the Spiral Into the Land of the Dead Adventure · Price: low

   The entrance is the experience. A 6-meter wide staircase winds 10 meters straight down around a cylindrical shaft — and the shaft itself is the first secret.

   On September 28, 1900, a donkey fell through a hole in the ground and accidentally revealed one of the Seven Wonders of the Medieval World. The archaeologists who'd been working the Carmous district for years had walked over this entrance countless times — a donkey found it. At the Catacombs of Kom el-Shoqafa (ticket booth: EGP 400 / ~$8 USD, open 9 AM–5 PM daily), descend the spiral staircase that curves 6 meters wide and 10 meters deep around a hollow central shaft. That central cylinder isn't decorative — bodies couldn't navigate curved stairs, so every corpse was lowered straight down this shaft by rope, along with wine jars, food offerings, and canopic jars. The staircase is for the living. The shaft is for the dead.

   Backup: If there is a queue, visit on a weekday morning when cruise ship groups haven't yet arrived. The site gets busy midday; 9 AM opening gives you 30 minutes of near-solitude underground.

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2. 2 Spot the Serpents Carrying Three Gods at Once Wine · Free

   Just before the principal tomb entrance, two carved serpents guard the vestibule. They are the most compressed religious symbol in the ancient world — three civilizations in one image.

   Look at what each serpent is holding at the Principal Tomb entrance vestibule. On one side: a thyrsus — fennel stalk topped with a pine cone, staff of Dionysus, Greek god of wine and resurrection. On the other: a caduceus — twin-serpent staff of Hermes, guide of souls to the underworld. Each serpent's head wears the pharaonic double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. One image. Three religions. Dionysus + Hermes + Osiris, fused into a single guardian. In 2nd-century Alexandria, this made perfect sense: Ptolemy I had officially merged Dionysus with Osiris via the cult of Serapis. The wine god and the death god were the same god. Stand directly in front of one serpent and trace its attributes from bottom to top: serpent body (Greek luck spirit), thyrsus and caduceus in its hands, double crown on its head. Count how many cultures you can spot before stepping through the door.

   Backup: If the vestibule is crowded, wait 2–3 minutes — tour groups move through quickly. The light can be dim; your phone torch helps reveal the relief carving detail without flash (flash is prohibited).

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3. 3 Find Anubis in His Roman Uniform History · Free

   The central relief panel of the Principal Tomb is the most disorienting image in the ancient world. It is entirely normal if it makes you laugh and then feel guilty about laughing.

   Anubis is performing a mummification on the back wall of the Principal Tomb's central sarcophagus niche, but he's wearing full Roman legionary armor. Lorica segmentata — segmented plate armor of a Roman soldier. His right hand rests on the mummy, left holds an offering vase, below the bier sit three canopic jars. This is completely traditional Egyptian funeral ritual, except Anubis has a serpent's tail instead of feet (identifying him as Agathos Daimon, Greek spirit of good luck). Jackal head. Roman armor. Greek tail. Performing Egyptian mummification. Nobody in 2nd-century Alexandria found this strange. Look next at the three sarcophagi themselves — pure Roman decorations: bucrania (ox skulls) draped with garlands, Gorgon heads. The ox skull motif comes from Roman sacrificial feasts, signaling these tomb owners hosted the right kind of parties.

   Backup: If the chamber is dark, wait for a tour group's guide light, or use your phone torch aimed at the wall — you'll see the relief carving details clearly. The Anubis panel faces you directly as you enter the central niche.

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4. 4 Sit Where Mourners Feasted on Wine With Their Dead Wine · Free

   The triclinium is where the name of this entire site was invented — one broken wine cup at a time.

   For roughly 200 years, Alexandrian families came to the triclinium (turn left from the Rotunda, large rectangular chamber with three stone benches in a U-shape) and feasted with their dead. They sat on these exact stone benches, ate, drank wine — almost certainly Mareotic wine from Lake Mareotis, praised by Horace, Virgil, Strabo, and Pliny — and conversed as if the deceased were present. When finished, they smashed every vessel before leaving. Superstition: taking anything from the land of the dead brought bad luck. Thousands of wine cups across two centuries. The archaeologists who entered in 1900 found the ground littered with fragments and named the site Kom el-Shoqafa: Mound of Shards. You are walking on 2,000 years of broken wine cups. Sit on one of the stone benches and run your hand along the surface worn smooth by centuries of use.

   Backup: If a tour group is in the triclinium, it moves on within 5 minutes. The benches are accessible and the chamber is large enough to absorb groups. The best position is the far bench of the U — you face both the room and the corridor toward the Rotunda.

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5. 5 Confront the Bones of Caracalla's Trap History · Free · Optional

   One chamber off the main complex holds disarticulated human and horse bones. In December 215 AD, the Roman emperor called a public meeting. It was a trap.

   Emperor Caracalla's bones lie in the Hall of Caracalla, a satellite chamber containing loose human and horse remains behind protective barriers. In December 215 AD, Caracalla told Alexandria's young men to assemble on a plain for military inspection — he'd personally organize a phalanx honoring Alexander the Great. Thousands came, formed rows, then Caracalla signaled his soldiers to close in from all sides. Massacre. Days of looting followed. The disarticulated bones in this chamber are believed to be some of those victims, though an alternative theory suggests this was a shrine to Nemesis (explaining the horse bones). Archaeologists found them in 1900 and stopped arguing about origin when they realized the mystery was more compelling than any answer. Ask a site attendant to point you toward the Hall of Caracalla.

   Backup: If the Hall of Caracalla is not accessible, the Persephone Tombs nearby show Osiris's mummification (upper register, Egyptian style) and Persephone's abduction by Hades in a four-horse chariot (lower register, Greek style) — death and resurrection painted twice, side by side, in different artistic traditions.

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